Izincwadi zokuphatha izinkolo ziyasebenza ngokuzimela kumazinyo?

Amasiko Okuqondana Nokuphatha: i-FDA, i-EU 1935/2004, kanye ne-GB 4806.8 Kwegreaseproof Paper

Ukusafule kwegreaseproof paper kusuka kubukho kwezinto zokuphatha kumpilo kuyisibonelo sezindaba ezintathu ezingcono: i-FDA yase-United States, i-Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 yase-European Union, kanye ne-GB 4806.8–2022 yase-China. Ngisho noma yiliphi eli, libuyela amasimbo asezinhliziyo, amakhono okuhamba kwezinto, kanye nemilayezo yokuvumela—kukhomba abahleli ukuthi baphinde bavumelanise ukuproducwa nabantu ababhekene nempilo yasezizwe zonke.

Isimo Se-FDA GRAS kanye Neemilayezo Yokuvumela Kwegreaseproof Paper

Emasipheni, izinto ezenziwa ngazo ezisebenzisa iphepha elikhanyayo kufanele zilandelwe kwi-Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR) noma ziqinisekiswe njengokuthi ziyizinye zezinto eziphathelene nesikhathi esihle (GRAS). I-21 CFR 176.170 yase-FDA iyabhalisa ngqo izinto ezenziwa ngazo ezisebenzisa iphepha nezincwadi ezenziwa ukusetyenziswa kumzimba wemithi nezinkulungwane zokudla. Ngokwesikhathi esidala, izinkemikali ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwamaphu—kubandakanya i-PFAS ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinhlobo ezide—zayisebenziswa ukukhanyisa ukuthi iphepha ayikho kuzo izinkulungwane, kodwa isifundazwe sase-FDA asizibonisi njengokuthi ziyizinye zezinto eziphathelene nesikhathi esihle (GRAS) ngokwesibonelo sokuba ziyakhanya futhi ziyabonakala njengokuthi zingahleli. Namuhla, ukuthi umsebenzi uyavumelana nalo kuyaphendula kumaqiniso okunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-Food Contact Notification (FCN) kumaqiniso amasha noma ukusebenzisa ukuvumela kwezinye. Abahleli bamaqiniso bangaqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ziyizinye zezinto eziphathelene nesikhathi esihle (GRAS) ngokwakho, uma bakhombisa ubuchwepheshe bezindlela zokuxhasa zokuxhasa okuphambili okubonakalisa ukuthi ziyisafu ngokwesikhathi sokusebenzisa esihle. Lokhu kusiza ekuthuthukiseni kwezinto eziphambili kodwa kubhekisa ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ukulinganisa okuphambili kokuthi kungabi nembiko ngokwesikhathi sokusebenzisa.

Ukuqinisekisa kwe-EU 1935/2004: Izinkinga zokusebenzisa izinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezenziwa ngokuphatha kwez......

Ukuhlanganiswa (EC) No 1935/2004 kwenza isikhundla sakwa-UE sokubhekana ngezinto zokugcina izinkulungwane—kukhona iziphephile nezincwadi zokugcina izinkulungwane, okungakho ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezinto ezithile. Ngalesi simo, iziphephile zokugcina izinkulungwane kufanele akhutshwe ngamaphuzu amaningi okukhutshwa kwemiphumo kuzinkulungwane, okunokubangela ubuhlungu bokuphila kwelomuntu, ukuguqula ukuthi kuyini, noma ukuvimbela izinhlangothi zokuhlukanisa. Yonke into ekhutshwa ngokuzimisela—njengezinkampani zokugcina, izihlalo, noma izinkampani zokugcina umkhawulo—kufanele zilandelwe ngokuzimisela kwezinhlobo zezinto zokugcina, njenge-Resolution AP (2002)1 yaseCouncil of Europe noma izindaba zokuzimisela zaseNingizimu Afrika njengeBfR XXXVI yaseJalimani. Ukuguqula kwezinto zokugcina kugcinwa emva kwe-10 mg/dm², nokuguqula okuncane kwezinto zokugcina kwezinkulungwane zokugcina nezinkampani eziyisisekelo. Ukuthi kusebenza kufanele kubhekwe ngokuthi kune-Declaration of Conformity eyenziwe ngokuthi kubhekwe iziphetho zokuzivikela kwezilaboratori ezithile, futhi kufanele kubhekwe ngokuthi kusetyenziswa i-Good Manufacturing Practice ngokwesikhundla (EU) 2023/2006.

GB 4806.8–2022 yaseSine: Ukuzivikela Ukuguqula, Izindlela Zokuguqula Kwezinkulungwane Zokugcina, Nokuthi Kuyisibonelo Sokugcina Izinkulungwane

GB 4806.8–2022 yilungiselela isimo esinamandla seChayina sokuphatha izincwadi nezincwadi zemithombo emazini, kufakwe kulo izincwadi zokuvimbela umoya. Kuseta imiphumela emikhulu yokuthi ukuthi kubhekwa ngokuphelele (10 mg/dm² kumazinyo amanquma, kubhekwa ngomthwalo wokushisa we-olive oil noma okufanayo), izinkabi zezinto eziningi (umbala, izinkabi zezincwadi, izinkabi zezincwadi, izinkabi zezincwadi), iformaldehyde, nezinkabi zokuvimbela umoya. Kufuneka kubhekwe futhi ukuthi izincwadi zingakwazi ukuthi zibhale izinye izimilo zokuchaza: izincwadi kufuneka zingakwazi ukuthi zibhale izinye izimilo zokuchaza kumazinyo. Nakuba izincwadi zonke zingaphandle kokuthi zihlanganiswe ngokuphelele kweCCC certification yaseChayina, ukuthi zihlanganiswe kuyisibonelo sokuthi umuntu uyabhekisa ngokwakhe ngokuphelele, kusukela ekubhekweni kwezinsizakalo zokugcina ngokuphelele—kubhekwa ngokuphelele ngamathuluzi aqinisekisiwe nguCNAS noma aqinisekisiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakalo zokugcina. Abasenduli kufuneka bavume ukuthi izirhwebhu ziyahlanganisa izimpendulo zaseChayina ukuze bazikhiphe ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphelele kwezindawo zokuthenga noma ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphelele kwezindawo zokuthenga.

I-PFAS kuzincwadi zokuvimbela umoya: Imiphumela yokuthi kubhekwa ngokuphelele, izinkinga zokuziphatha kwabantu, nokuthi kubhekwa ngokuphelele kwezizwe zonke

Ukuthi ukuthanda, umoyi, nokuxhumana kuyakhuluma i-PFAS kuzincwadi zokuvimbela umoya kumazinyo

I-PFAS zabaluleka kakhulu ukubeka ubukhulu bokugcina amafutha, kodwa ubukhulu bakho bokugcina bakhuluma ukuthi kuzoba kusuka ngokungafanele kuze kufike emzimbeni—ikakhulukazi ngezimo zokusebenzisa ngempela. Ukuthakatha kuyabusa kakhulu ukusuka: ukuthakatha ngomkhumbi wokuthakatha, umsebenzi wokuthakatha ngomkhumbi wokuthakatha, kuyabusa ukuthakatha kwe-PFAS ngaphezu kwe-300% kulokho okuthakathwa kusuka kwezindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokuthakatha, ngokwesifundo esaseminyakeni ya-2022 Ukuchaza Kwemzimbeni isifundo. Amazinkhelo okufutha ayasebenza njengamashilini okuhlanganisa amakhemikhali okufutha, akuvumela ukuthi kuthakathe kakhulu kulokho okuthakathwa kwezinto ezingafuthi noma ezinamandla. Ukuphakanyiswa kwesikhathi sokuxhumana kuyabusa ukuthakatha—umsebenzi wokuthakatha kwezinto zokufutha ezihlalwa kwezincwadi zokufutha ezenziwe ngamaphasi zokufutha ngama-izikhathi eziningi zibonisa ukuthi kuthakathwa kakhulu. Lezi zinto zombili ziyabusa izindlela zokuthakatha ngokuzenzakalelayo kwebhizinisi, zivumela ukuthi kubhekwe ngokushesha kwezinto ezingafanele.

Umgomo we-FDA we-2023 nokuzimisa kwe-EU: Ukubusa ukuguqula kwezincwadi zokufutha ezingafanele kwe-PFAS

Ukuqonda kwezomthwakazi kusobala kushukuma ngokukhula kusukela kubeka i-PFAS emapapeni okugcina izinkulu. Ngesonto kaFebhuwari 2024, i-FDA yavumisa ukuthi abasebenzi baseMericana bakhuphile ngokuzimela konke i-PFAS ekugcineni izinkulu—lokhu kuyisibonelo sokufanana nesixwayiso sazo esayisigaba 2023 sokulwa kwezinkulu zezinkulu zokugcina izinkulu. I-Europian Commission iyadlula ngokufanayo kulezizindikimba ngokusebenzisa isitrateji yazo yezikhemikhali yokuphatha kahle, ibhekana nezinkulu zezinkulu zokugcina izinkulu ngasinye ngonyaka ka-2025. Amashumi amathathu nezinkulu zaseMericana zazisetha noma zazithenga izizindikimba ezihlanzekileyo kwezinkulu zezinkulu zokugcina izinkulu, zwenza ukuthi kubhekene ngezinkulu zezinkulu zokugcina izinkulu ngokwesifundo saseNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kucaphuna kwezizwe zonke kubonisa ukuthi kunezifundo eziphathelene nezinkinga zezinkulu zezinkulu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokuhlanganisa izinkulu, ukuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokuhlukanisa izinkulu, nokuthi kubhekene nezinkinga zokuhlanganisa izinkulu—futhi kubonisa ukuthi izintonga zezinkulu zezinkulu zokugcina izinkulu ziyisifundo esinamandla futhi ziyisifundo esinamandla kanye nesifundo esinamandla.

Izinkinga Eziningi Zokuphepha Kwezinkinga Zokuphepha Kwemipapu Yezinkulu Zokugcina Izinkulu

Ukubhleka Okungafani NokuBhleka Ngokuchaza, Izinkulu Zokubhleka, Nezinkinga Ezingafani Nokuthi Ziyisifundo (NIAS)

Ngaphezu kwe-PFAS, izinto ezintathu eziphambili kodwa zizokwenzeka zizihloniphi kancane ziyimfuno zokhuseleko we-paper yezinkampani zokuphatha amasimbi: izindlela zokuchitha, izinkampani zokubonisa (OBAs), nezinto ezingazikwenziwe ngokuzimisela (NIAS). Ukuchitha okusebenzisa iklorini kungadala izinkampani zezidlo—zibuyiselwe, zingabonakali kakhulu, zingabonakali kakhulu—ngoko ke umsebenzi wokuhlelwa kwezindustria manje uyasebenzisa ukuchitha okungasebenzisi iklorini (ECF) noma ukuchitha okungasebenzisi iklorini kabusha (TCF) okusebenzisa oksijini, ozoni, noma ipereksothi yehayidrojini. OBAs, ngaphandle kokuthi zihlela ukubonakala, zinokuthabatha isibonelo sokuthabatha emasimbaneni amanqanqana; i-EU iyavumela ukuthi kufuneka kwenziwe ukuvavanya kwemithombo yezinhlelo zokuphatha izinkampani ngaphambi kokuvumwa kwezinkampani zokuphatha izidlo.

Amaphakathi ase-NIAS ayathola inkululeko yokuqonda kakhulu: lezi zinto ezingazange zizidingekile zibonakala kusukela emasimini amahleli (isibonelo, amahydrocarbons ase-mineral oil, amaphthalates), ukuphatha kwemipaka, noma izimpilo zokusebenza. Ukubonisa kuzo kufuna imithambo eyinkulu njenge-GC-MS/MS ekubeni kuyilandelwa ngokuphatha kwemithambo yokuhamba kanye nokulinganisa kwezindlela zokuphatha kwe-EFSA. Abaproduseri abadala bavumela imithambo yokuqonda kwe-NIAS ngokuphambili—kungafanele kuphinde kube ngokuphambili kuphela—futhi bavumela ukuthi kuzoba kusebenza ngokuphawula kwezincwadi zokuvumela njenge-BRCGS Packaging noma ISO 22000.

Ukuvumela Ukuphepha Kwempilo Yomshado: Amacertifiketi, Ukuphatha, Nokubonakalisa Kwezincwadi Zokuphatha Kwempilo Yomshado Kwezincwadi Zokuphatha

Ukuqiniseka kokuphelele kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokwesiko kuyisivumelwano—akukho ukuthi kubhekwa kuphela. Sibone izindlela zokubonisa okungatholakali: KuleMzantsi, “kufanele kusetyenziswa ngokwesiko kwezindawo zokudlisa” kufanele kubhekiswe ku-21 CFR esithile noma inombolo yokuqiniseka kwe-Food Contact (FCN)—akukho ukuthi kubhekiswe kuzo zonke izinqumo. Kwe-EU, isimboli yesigcino nesifuba kufanele isiqondise ukuthi kubhekiswe ku-Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 futhi kubhekiswe kuzo iziphakamiso zokuzimisa ezihambisana nalo. KweSina, ukuthi kufanele kubhekiswe ku-GB 4806.8–2022 kufanele kubonakaliswe ngemibhalo yezilaboratori eziyisikriniwe ngokuphelele, ezingaphansi kwezinye izinhlobo zokuhamba kwazo zonke, amathambo amakhulu, nokuthi kubhekiswe kuzo izinhlobo zokuhamba zokusha.

Abasendisi ababonakalayo bavumela ukuthi izindaba zizocwepheswa—kungaziwa kuzo izinkampani—kubona izindlela zokuphakamisa (isimulanti, isikhathi, isithembu), izindlela zokufunda, nokuthi izinto ziyaphumelela noma zingaphumeleli. Yekani amagama amahlezi okuhlanganisa okukhona njenge-“eco-safe” noma “food-grade” ngaphandle kokuthi kubonakaliswe ukuthi kuyini. Ukuvumela ngempela kubonisa ukuthi kubonakala ukuthi kusebenza kanjani (isibonelo, “akakwazi ukusebenza emvuleni yezinkampani eziningi kune-180°C”) nokubonakalisa konke okuthi kusetyenziswa kusuka kwezinto eziphathelene nesikhathi sokusebenza. Uma iziphetho zokuthenga zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale......

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izimali eziningi zokugcina isikhathi sokuphakamisa kwe-greaseproof paper ziyini?

Ukuphakamisa kwe-greaseproof paper kugcinwa ngaphandle kwe-FDA (21 CFR ne-GRAS pathways) eMericana, Regulation (EU) No 1935/2004 eYurophu, no-GB 4806.8–2022 eChina. Lezi zimali zibonisa izinto ezivumelekile, izindlela zokuphakamisa, nezindlela zokubona ukuthi kuyavumelwa.

Kungani i-PFAS zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zihlale zih......

I-PFAS ziya kususwa ngokuvamile ngoba ziyadlula kumhlabathi, ziyakhiwa kubodli, futhi zinamandla okuthi zihambisana nezinkinga zokuzimela njengokukhanya kwemithambo yezinye izinhlobo zezindaba zokuzimela nokuthi zihambisana nezinkinga zokuzimela kwezindaba zokuzimela. Izinkampani eziphansi kwezinhlobo zezindaba zokuzimela ziyasuswa ngokuvamile emhlabathini wonke.

Kuphi kufuneka ukwazi ukuthi kuyini i-Declaration of Conformity e-EU?

I-Declaration of Conformity kufanele ichaze imboni yezifundo ezisuselwa emaphondweni amahle okususwa okuhlanganisa izindleko zokudlula, izistanda ezithile (isibonelo, BfR XXXVI), nokulandela i-Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).

U-China uyakhokha kanjani ukuthi iphepha lokugcina umsindo liyasebenza kahle kwezindaba zokuzimela kwezinkampani?

U-China uyadinga ukuthi kwenziwe ukuzimela kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani zokudlula kwezinkampani......

Abathengi bafanele bakabheke nini ukuthi iphepha lokugcina umsindo liyasebenza kahle?

Abathengi baya kubheka izilabeli eziphambili njenge-“FDA-compliant” okuyizilabeli ezisemthethweni 21 CFR, isimbolo se-EU “iglasini ne-fork” nesifundo sezimboni zokuphakanyiswa, noma ubukhona bezimboni zokuphakanyiswa kwe-GB 4806.8–2022. Yeka izicelo ezingazange zibonakale njenge-“eco-safe” ngaphandle kokubonakala kahle.